Russian Control Tightens in the Black Sea: A Challenge to International Maritime Law

The Black Sea, once heralded as a contested maritime area, now serves as a stark representation of Russian dominance, exemplified by the boarding incident involving the Palau-flagged vessel Şükrü Okan in 2023.

This occurrence, symbolizing Russia‘s increasing hold over the region, highlights a troubling restriction of freedom of navigation, indicating a de facto blockade.

Despite Ukraine‘s commendable attempts at sea control, Russia persists in advancing its strategic aims, commanding the Sea of Azov and instilling a pervasive sense of maritime insecurity.

Though not explicitly termed a blockade, Russia’s actions effectively restrict shipping routes, instilling fear in vessels approaching Ukrainian waters.

Legally questionable yet undoubtedly effective, Russia’s maneuvers in the Black Sea pose a challenge to the principles of international maritime law, especially UNCLOS.

Despite violations, the international community’s lukewarm response risks legitimizing Russia’s control and undermining UNCLOS’s authority.

The dissolution of the Black Sea Grain Initiative further complicates the situation, with Ukraine turning to alternate export paths.

However, these endeavors pale in comparison to pre-conflict levels, prompting concerns about the sustainability of such initiatives amid heightened risks.

Several crucial lessons emerge from this dilemma.

Firstly, sea control proves insufficient when economic prosperity relies on open sea routes.

Secondly, depending on flags of convenience offers minimal defense against maritime aggression, prompting a reconsideration of flag choices.

Thirdly, the concept of blockade evolves, with limited enforcement proving effective in deterring shipping activity.

Practical solutions range from bolstering maritime domain awareness to subsidizing war risk expenses for shipping operators.

Furthermore, naval operations promoting freedom of navigation can contest Russian dominance, upholding the principles of free trade and sovereign access to international waters.

While concerns about escalation loom, principles of freedom of navigation and naval power necessitate action.

Navies must be prepared to protect open sea routes, preventing undue control by assertive entities like Russia.

In the end, the fate of the Black Sea hinges on the global commitment to upholding maritime norms and resisting encroachment on international waters.