Chagas Disease Now Endemic in Parts of the U.S., Experts Warn

ATLANTA, Georgia — Chagas disease, a potentially deadly illness caused by a parasite carried by kissing bugs, should now be considered endemic in the United States, according to a recent study published in the CDC’s journal, Emerging Infectious Diseases. Experts emphasize that without recognizing its constant presence in certain areas, more people may suffer from this often unnoticed disease.

This critical report comes amid rising global attention for Chagas, which is already endemic in 21 other countries in the Americas. Dr. Norman Beatty, a coauthor and researcher at the University of Florida College of Medicine, has advocated for better awareness of the disease. “We’ve been waiting forever for recognition that this disease is in our communities,” Beatty stated.

Chagas disease is one of the leading causes of heart disease in Latin America and, confusingly, it causes more disability than other insect-borne infections like malaria and Zika. The disease primarily spreads through the bites of triatomine bugs. These bugs defecate while biting, and the feces can introduce the parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, into a person’s body.

Symptoms can vary; early signs may include fever, body aches, headaches, rash, and vomiting, which can persist for weeks or months after the initial infection. If left untreated, about 20% to 30% of infected individuals can develop long-term health issues, including heart complications and gastrointestinal problems.

Chagas is often undiagnosed in the U.S., partly because many doctors do not consider it when treating patients. Surveillance efforts show that an estimated 280,000 people in the U.S. are currently infected. In some cases, individuals discover they have Chagas only during blood donations, as the U.S. has tested blood supplies for the disease since 2007.

Despite limited surveillance, scientists have found kissing bugs in 32 states and report cases in eight states, including Texas and California. “The situation is serious; there are likely many more cases unreported,” Beatty noted. “We’re doing nothing to address the risk posed by kissing bugs,” he added, drawing a comparison to existing mosquito control programs.

Dr. Mario J. Grijalva, director of the Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute at Ohio University, expressed that recognizing Chagas as endemic in the U.S. would significantly impact public health policy and awareness. He observed that successful awareness campaigns in countries like Chile and Argentina have improved local knowledge and management of the disease.

To mitigate the risk of infection, experts advise taking preventive measures such as sealing homes, installing window screens, and using insecticides. Beatty, who often receives inquiries from community members about kissing bugs, said, “People are scared—and rightly so.”

With more recognition, Beatty hopes to see increased efforts to manage Chagas in the U.S., similar to international standards. “It’s important for us to act now, given the silent nature of this disease,” he remarked.